Takaaki Kajita of Japan and Arthur McDonald of Canada won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for the discovery of neutrino oscillations.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the two researchers had made key contributions to experiments showing that neutrinos change identities.
"The discovery has changed our understanding of the innermost workings of matter and can prove crucial to our view of the universe," the academy said.
Kajita is director of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research and professor at the University of Tokyo.
McDonald is a professor emeritus at Queen's University in Kingston, Canada.
The winners will split the 8 million Swedish kronor (about US$960,000) prize money. Each winner also gets a diploma and a gold medal at the prize ceremony on December 10.
On Monday the Nobel Prize in medicine went to scientists from Japan, the United States and China who discovered drugs that are now used to fight malaria and other tropical diseases.
The prize announcements continue with chemistry on Wednesday, literature on Thursday, the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday and the economics award next Monday.
