Illiterate, poor and concentrated in Egypt’s south — or Upper Egypt — they mostly work in small businesses or on agricultural land owned by their families.
Egyptian women doing unpaid work of this sort constitute 46 percent of Egyptian women working for family-owned businesses, according to a study released in April.
This figure has increased by 17 percentage points in the past 14 years, according to the study, which is entitled “Women’s unpaid work in the market: working for the family” and written by economic researcher Salwa Antari, with field research conducted by Nafissa Dessouky.
Working for the family without pay is the main form of employment for womenin Egypt's informal sector, Antary wrote in the study.
“They had no choice but to accept this work, as a result of the prevailing culture that rejects the concept of women leaving their homes for paid work,” she added.
While women’s unpaid work in family-owned land or businesses grew from 29 percent in 1998 to 46.4 percent in 2012, the already small percentage of men’s unpaid work for the family decreased further, going down from 13.2 percent in 1998 to 7.4 percent in 2012.
The employer is the husband
The study, conducted by two Egyptian women researchers, shows that the phenomenon is primarily concentrated in Egypt’s south: 62 percent of women who carry out unpaid work on family-owned land and businesses are based in Upper Egypt, while 35.4 per cent are in the northern provinces of the so-called Lower Egypt. Only 1.9 per cent of women working without pay for the family are in the capital, Cairo, as well as Alexandria and the Canal region.
Most of the women who work in family-owned businesses without pay are married, and in the majority of cases, the employer is their husband.
Also, the majority of them are illiterate, whether they live in urban or rural provinces. The more education Egyptian women have, the less likely they are to work on family-owned land or businesses without pay, the study found.
The nature of this work is primarily agricultural: 83.7 percent of unpaid women work in farming, according to the study
'Just another worker'
A woman working on family-owned land without pay is treated as “just another worker”, not a partner in the business. Only 2.2 percent of those women are required to supervise other workers’ work in urban provinces, while 1.1 percent have a supervisory role in rural provinces.
Even worse, they suffer harsher working conditions compared to paid workers. Most of them work at night, after 7 pm, and their work does not provide them with medical insurance or any medical services, the study further revealed.
Working outside the home still taboo
The study noted that women’s paid work outside the home is still considered unacceptable in rural areas in Egypt, with the exception of prestigious jobs, such as civil service jobs and working for big organizations. Otherwise, women either work without pay in family-owned businesses or do not work at all.
Some of the women surveyed for the study found questions about their rights, dreams and future weird.
Their answers were along the lines of “My rights? What rights?”
They would shift to addressing their children’s rights. Only a small segment of them mentioned their own rights to education, housing or working away from family-owned land or businesses.
