Carved into dun-colored cliffs, hundreds of manmade caves situated next to empty niches that once sheltered giant Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban are home to Bamiyan's poverty-stricken who have nowhere else to go.
The ancient caves lining the Bamiyan valley in central Afghanistan were originally used by Buddhist monks for meditation and retreat but now shelter landless Afghan families who cannot afford conventional housing.
With no electricity or running water, the cave dwellers are forced to adapt to an arduous existence in these dark, dank, and musty structures.
"It's not a good place, it's never been a good place to live," said Haji Hussain, who has been living in a cave atop a cliff with his wife and three children for thirty years.
"It's very difficult to climb up here and then come back down. And as far as water is concerned, it's a big problem. We have to carry it on our back to bring it up here," the laborer told AFP in his cave, just a few hundred meters from the vacant niches.
Like Hussain, hundreds of families dwell in the caves of Bamiyan, a rare oasis of tranquility that has largely been spared the wrenching conflict that afflicts the rest of Afghanistan.
When the Taliban captured Bamiyan in the late 1990s, some of these people lost their homes as the hardline Sunni movement burned down the houses of the predominantly Shia Hazaras, forcing them to take shelter in caves right next to the Buddha statues.
But two years after the Taliban regime was toppled in the 2001 US-led invasion of Afghanistan, the area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
The government came down heavily on the cave dwellers, evicting many and moving them into temporary shelters elsewhere in the city.
Local authorities argue that the longer the structures are occupied, the more damage is wrought on the site as some families install doors, windows and build makeshift extensions.
"If the people live here, they damage the caves and ancient murals, and we should save these structures," said Kabir Dadras, head of Bamiyan's information and culture department.
Some 250 families have been evicted from the caves in recent years but many still remain.
Once a caravan stop along the fabled Silk Road, the central Afghan city was recently named this year's cultural capital of South Asia, igniting hopes of restoring its place on the global tourism map.
But the government is struggling to revive the heyday of tourism after decades of war, including the Taliban's 1996-2001 reign when they destroyed the Buddha statues, labelling them an affront to Islam — an act globally condemned as "cultural terrorism".
